Open Letter to the United Nations Secretary-General and President of the World Bank-Setting Serious Goals to Combat Inequality
17 July 2023
Dear Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres and President of the World Bank Ajay Banga,
RE: Setting serious goals to combat inequality
As a group of economists and leaders in the fight against extreme inequalities from around the world, we write to request your leadership towards ensuring that the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the World Bank back vital new strategic goals and indicators, that can redouble efforts to address rising extreme inequality.
We are living through a time of extraordinarily high economic inequality. Extreme poverty and extreme wealth have risen sharply and simultaneously for the first time in 25 years. Between 2019 and 2020, global inequality grew more rapidly than at any time since WW2. The richest 10% of the global population currently takes 52% of global income, whereas the poorest half of the population earns 8.5% of it. Billions of people face the terrible hardship of high and rising food prices and hunger, whilst the number of billionaires has doubled in the last decade.
We know that high inequality undermines all our social and environmental goals. The 2006 World Development Report, as well as multiple other studies, have shown that extreme inequality of the kind we are observing today has a destructive effect on society. It corrodes our politics, destroys trust, hamstrings our collective economic prosperity and weakens multilateralism. We also know that without a sharp reduction in inequality, the twin goals of ending poverty and preventing climate breakdown will be in
clear conflict.
In 2015, all the governments of the world made history by setting themselves a Sustainable Development Goal to reduce inequalities – “SDG10”. Yet since then, following the COVID-19 pandemic and now the global cost of living crisis inequalities have worsened, by many measures. SDG10 remains largely ignored. Equally troubling, the main SDG10 target, based on the World Bank’s Shared Prosperity goal, does not adequately measure or monitor key aspects of inequality. Evidence from household surveys shows that one in five countries showing a positive trend in Shared Prosperity simultaneously saw inequality by other measures, like the Palma Ratio, increase, including countries such as Mongolia, Chile and Vietnam.
This summer we have a critical opportunity to strengthen our resolve to reduce this deep divide and send a clear signal to people around the world that the institutions designed to serve them are serious about ending this crisis of extreme inequality.
We must strengthen our existing goals. We must act this summer to secure agreement that the UN SDG 10 must also have strengthened targets and better metrics, looking at inequalities both between countries and within them by using indicators that track wealth as well as income inequality. We are pleased that the World Bank is reviewing its Shared Prosperity goal. The new leadership of the World Bank has a tremendous opportunity to strengthen this goal to assess inequalities across the entire spectrum of the income and wealth distribution.
There have been significant advances in inequality data, such as more accurate estimates of top incomes, helping to enable a new generation of policy making rooted in a clear distributional analysis of the impact of policy changes. These need to be systematised and pushed further, to enable high-level inequality analysis by every government. This will be the only way to ensure broad political consensus for the transformation our economies must make to a zero-carbon future.
Goals matter. Leadership matters. The Bank and UN SDGs are uniquely placed to offer the rallying call for a reduction in inequality that our divided world needs so urgently today. We ask you to seize this opportunity to back stronger goals and better metrics for both wealth and income, as well as wage shares of national income. Also, SDG10 is not a separate, standalone goal: all economic, financial, and social policies should be assessed in terms of their likely impact on this goal. This would clearly signal our collective ambition to forge a more equal world.
Yours
[Name, Role/organization]
Joseph Stiglitz (Coauthor and lead signatory of the letter), Professor of economics at Columbia university; former Chief Economist at the World Bank;
Jayati Ghosh (Coauthor and lead signatory of the letter), Professor of economics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA; formerly Chairperson of the Centre for Economic Studies and Planning at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, ;
Harooon Akram-Lodhi, Professor of Economics and International Development Studies, Trent University;
Aaron Reeves, Professor, University of Oxford;
Aasha Kapur Mehta, Chairperson, Centre for Gender Studies, Institute for Human Development;
Abu Shonchoy, Associate Professor, Florida International University;
Adeeba Kamarulzaman, Pro Vice Chancellor& President, Monash University Malaysia;
Alex Cobham, Chief executive, Tax Justice Network;
Alicia Puyana Mutis, Economics Professor, Facultad Latinoamericana De Ciencias Sociales;
Amar Yumnam, Visiting Professor, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad, India.;
Ameenah Gurib-Fakim,, President of Mauritius 2015-2018;
Amit Singh Khokhar, Assistant Professor, Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University;
Amre Moussa, Secretary General of the Arab League 2001-2011, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Egypt 1991-2001;
Andres Lazzarini, Lecturer In Economics, Goldsmiths University of London;
Andy Sumner, Professor of International Development at King’s and President of the European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes.;
Aneek Chowdhury, Research Analyst, Arcus Policy Research;
Anisuzzaman Chowdhury, Former Director, Macroeconomic Policy and Development Division & Director, Statistics Division, UN-ESCAP; Adjunct Professor, Western Sydney University;
Anita Kelles-Viitanen, Former Senior Gender Advisor in ILO for South Asia; Policy Advisor on Innovation Management at IFAD and Senior Consultant on Gender at IFAD; Senior Consultant; And Former Manager of Social Development At Asian Development Bank, Socio-Cultural Value;
Anjana Thampi, Assistant Professor, O. P. Jindal Global University;
Anthony Shorrocks, Former Director, World Institute for Development Economics Research; Director, Global Economic Perspectives;
Anuradha Chenoy, Retired Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University;
Arthur Macewan, Professor Emeritus of Economics, University of Massachusetts Boston;
Assane Diop, Minister, Adviser of The President, Presidency of The Republic of Senegal;
Awanish Kumar, Assistant Professor, Azim Premji University;
Ban Ki-Moon, Eighth Secretary-General of the United Nations Club de Madrid Honorary Member;
Barzin Jafartash, Columnist, Donyaye Eghtesad Newspaper;
Ben Fine, Former UNCTAD, UNESCWA, UNDESA and UNRISD Consultant; Emeritus Professor, SOAS;
Bertie Ahern, Former Prime Minister of Ireland Former Prime Minister of Ireland;
Bhavani R V, Consultant, FAO;
Bonn Juego, Chair, Finnish Society for Development Research;
Boris Tadic, President of Serbia 2004-2012;
Bruno De Conti, Associate Professor, University of Campinas;
C. Saratchand, Professor, Satyawati College, University of Delhi;
Carlos Antonio Rozo Bernal, Professor Titular C, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México;
Carlos Oya, Professor of Political Economy of Development, Sosa University of London;
Carmen Diana Deere, Distinguished Professor Emerita of Latin American Studies and Food & Resource Economics, University of Florida;
Chinglen Maisnam, Professor, Manipur University;
Chiril Gaburici, Prime Minister of Moldova 2015;
Chris Baker, Editor, Siam Society;
Dani Rodrik, Ford Foundation Professor of International Political Economy at the Harvard Kennedy School;
David Barkin, Distinguished Professor, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana;
David G Legge, Member / Scholar Emeritus, People’s Health Movement / La Trobe University, Melbourne;
Delfno Vargas, Full Professor, National Autonomous University of Mexico;
Desmond Mcneill, Emeritus Professor, Sum, University of Oslo;
Dev Nathan, Professor, Institute for Human Development;
Dilli Raj Khanal, Founder Chairman, Institute for Policy Research And Development (Iprad);
Dimitri Papadimitriou, President & Professor of Economics, Levy Economics institute of Bard College;
Dipa Sinha, Assistant Professor, Ambedkar University Delhi;
Djoomart Otorbaev, Former Prime Minister of Kyrgyz Republic;
Dr Hibist Kassa, Policy Interface Fellow, University of Leicester;
Dr Kalim Siddiqui, Senior Lecturer, University of Huddersfield;
Dr Preeti Edakunny, Researcher And Academic, EE Labs;
Dr. H.S.Shylendra, Professor, Institute of Rural Management Anand (Irma);
Dr. Javaid Iqbal Khan, Assistant Professor, University of Kashmir;
Dr. Laila Kholid Alfirdaus, Chair of Doctoral Program in Social Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro;
Dr. Papia Sengupta, Assistant Professor/ British Academy Visiting Fellow, University of Sheffield and Jawaharlal Nehru University;
Dr. Rimple Manchanda, Associate Professor, Gd Goenka University;
Duncan Green, Professor In Practice, London School of Economics;
Edwin, Director, Openspace;
Eka Tkeshelashvili, Deputy Prime Minister of Georgia 2010-2012;
Elizabeth M. King, Nonresident Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution;
Emilie Agner Damm, Analysechef, Arbejderbevægelsens Erhvervsr¨D;
Emmanuel Tweneboah Senzu, Visiting Professor, Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law, University of Liberia;
Enricowolleb@Gmail.Com, Director, Ismeri Europa;
Erwin Bulte, Professor of Development Economics, Wageningen University;
Falendra Kumar, Professor, University of Jammu;
Filip Vujanovic, President of Montenegro 2003-2018;
Frances Stewart, Former Senior adviser to UNICEF; Emeritus Professor of Development Economics, University of Oxford;
Francisco H. G. Ferreira, Former Senior Advisor, Research Department, World Bank; Amartya Sen Professor of Inequality Studies, London School of Economics;
Francois Bourguignon, Former Chief Economist World Bank; Emeritus Professor, Paris School of Economics;
Gabriel Zucman, Professor, Paris School of Economics;
Gabriele Koehler, Former UN Resident Coordinator; former UNICEF regional advisor; Board Member, Women Engage for A Common Future;
Geetha Gokul, Assistant Professor, St. Thomas College, Thrissur, Kerala, India;
Gerald Epstein, Professor of Economics and Co-Director, Peri, University of Massachusetts Amherst;
Gerry Rodgers, Former Director, International Institute for Labour Studies; Visiting Professor, Institute for Human Development, New Delhi;
Getaneh Gobezie, Gender And Rural Finance Consultant, Wisdom Consult;
Gilad Isaacs, Executive Director, Institute for Economic Justice;
Giorgos Kallis, Professor, ICTA-UAB;
Giovanni Andrea Cornia, 1981-87, Chief Economist UNICEF HQ, UNICEF; 1987-95 Director of the Economic and Social Policies Research Programme at UNICEF-ICDC- Florence – 1995-99; Honorary Professor of Economics, University of Florence;
Girma T. Kassie, Principal Agricultural Market Economist, Icarda;
Giuseppe Tattara, Retired, University of Venice;
Godfred A Bokpin, Professor, University of Ghana;
Guy Standing, Former Director International Labour Organisation; Professorial Research Associate, SOAS University of London;
Harmanender Singh, PhD Research Scholar, Panjab University Chandigarh;
Helen Clark, Patron Helen Clark Foundation; 37th Prime Minister of New Zealand 1999-08; UNDP Administrator 2009-17,;
Herni Ramdlaningrum, Former Project Management Specialist at the UNDP; Program Manager, The PRAKARSA;
Himanshu, Associate Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University;
Hussain Jarwar, Chief Executive Officer, Indus Consortium;
Ian Goldin, Former Vice President and Director of Policy at the World Bank; Professor, Oxford University;
Ignacio González, Assistant Professor, American University;
Igor Luksic, Prime Minister of Montenegro 2010-2012, Minister of Foreign Affairs 2012-2016;
Ilene Grabel, Distinguished University Professor, University of Denver, Josef Korbel School of international Studies;
Irene Van Staveren, Professor of Pluralist Development Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam;
Isabel Ortiz, Former Director at ILO and UNICEF, senior advisor at UNDESA and ADB; Director, Global Social Justice;
Ishita Mukhopadhyay
Professor, University of Calcutta;
Ismail Serageldin, Vice President of the World Bank 1992-2000, Co-Chair Nizami Ganjavi International Center;
Ivo Josipovic, President of Croatia 2010-2015;
Jadranka Kosor, Prime Minister of Croatia 2009-2011;
James B. Davies, Professor Emeritus, University of Western Ontario;
James K Boyce, Professor Emeritus, University of Massachusetts Amherst;
Jan Fisher,, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic 2009-2010;
Jan Vandemoortele, Former Director of Poverty; UN Resident & Humanitarian Coordinator; Independent Researcher & Lecturer, Ex-UNICEF/Undo/Ila;
Jayati Ghosh, Professor of Economics;
Jens Martens, Executive Director, Global Policy forum Europe;
Joaquín Arriola, Full Time Professor, Universidad Del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibersitatea;
John E. Ataguba, Canada Research Chair in Health Economics, University of Manitoba and African Health Economics and Policy Association;
John Miller, Professor of Economics, Wheaton College;
Jomo Kwame Sundaram, Former UN-DESA Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development; Adviser, Khazanah Research institute;
Jonathan D. Ostry, Former Deputy Director at the IMF; Professor of The Practice, Georgetown University;
Jose Antonio Ocampo, Executive Secretary of ECLAC and Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs; Professor, Sipa, Columbia University;
José Gabriel Palma, Emeritus Senior Lecturer and Professor of Economics, Respectively, University of Cambridge and University of Santiago;
Joseph Muscat, Prime Minister of Malta 2013-2020;
Juan Carlos Moreno Brid, Associate Director ECLAC; Full Professor, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De Mexico;
Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky, Former UN Independent Expert on Debt and Human Rights; Researcher, Researcher at Conicet;
Juan Santarcángelo, DESA, UN (NY) in 2005; Professor, Conicet- Universidad Nacional De Quilmes;
Juan Somavia, Former Director General, International Labour Organization (ILO); Presidente, Foro De Politica Exterior Chile;
Jude Onemolease, Chief Executive officer, Durandel Ltd;
Julia De Medeiros Braga, Coordinator of Current Economic Affairs At Ipea , Uff And Ipea;
Justin Yifu Lin, Former Chief Economist/Senior Vice President at World Bank; Dean, Institute of New Structural Economics, Peking University;
K Veena, Research Scholar, Institute for Social and Economic Change;
Karkada Nagaraj, Adjunct Faculty, ACJ Chennai. ,;
Kate Meagher, Professor of Development Studies, London School of Economics;
Kate Pickett, Professor of Epidemiology, University of York and Health Equity North;
Kate Raworth, Co-author of the UNDP Human Development Report 1997-2001; Senior Teaching Associate, Environmental Change institute, University of Oxford;
Kaushik Basu, Former Chief Economist of the World Bank; Professor of Economics and Carl Marks Professor, Cornell University;
Kevin Watkins, Visiting Professor, LSE; former editor of the Human Development Report – From 2004 to 2008, he was director of the United Nations Development Program’s Human Development Report.;
Korkut Boratav, Consultant, UNCTAD; Consultant, UN Office at Geneva; Member, Turkish Social Science Organisation;
Krittika Dirghangi, Research Associate, Arcus Policy Research;
Kul Chandra Gautaam, Former Deputy Executive Director, UNICEF & former Assistant Secretary-General, United Nations; Chair of the Board of RESULTS.org;
Léonce Ndikumana, Former Senior Economic Affairs Officer, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa; Distinguished Professor, University of Massachusetts Amherst;
Leterme, Prime minister of Belgium 2009 to December 2011; Trustee at NGIC;
Lídia Brun Carrasco, Research Fellow, American University;
Lucas Chancel, Co-Director, Sciences Po & World inequality Lab;
Luis Bértola, Full Professor, Universidad De La República, Uruguay;
M. Mustafa Erdogdu, Dean, Beykoz University;
Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona, Former United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights; Executive Director, The Global Initiative for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights;
Manfred Nitsch, Professor Emeritus, Freie Universitaet Berlin;
Maniklal Adhikary, Professor of Economics, The University of Burdwan;
Manjula Laxman Dabhi, Professor, Gujarat Vidyapith;
Manuel Branco, Full Professor, University of Évora;
Maria Fernanda Espinosa, Former President of the UN General Assembly; CEO GWLvoices, 73rd President of the UNGA, GWLvoices;
Maria S. Floro, Emeritus Professor of Economics, American University;
Mariana Mazzucato, Professor And Founding Director of Iipp, University College London;
Mario Biggeri, Full Professor in Applied Economics, Department of Economics and Management University of Florence, Italy;
Mark Malloch-Brown, President Open Society Foundations Former: Deputy Secretary-General of the UN, Administrator of UNDP, Vice-President for External Affairs (World Bank), and Vice-President for United Nations Affairs (World Bank);
Marrit Van Den Berg, Associate Professor, Wageningen University and Research;
Martin Guzman, Co-President, Columbia’s Initiative for Policy Dialogue., Columbia University;
Matías Vernengo, Professor, Bucknell University;
Mats Karlsson, Vice President, World Bank 1999-2002, Vice Chair UN High-Level Committee on Programs 2000-2010;
Matthew Martin, Executive Director, Development Finance international;
Md. Wakilur Rahman, Professor, Bangladesh Agricultural University;
Meezan Anjum, Researcher, JNU, New Delhi;
Michael Ash, Professor of Economics and Public Policy, University of Massachusetts Amherst;
Mike Savage, Professor of Sociology, London School of Economics;
Miranda Stewart, External consultant, International Monetary Fund; Professor, University of Melbourne;
Mirko Cvetkovic, STC World Bank; Member, NGIC;
Mladen Ivanic, President of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2014-2018;
Mogens Lykketoft, President of the United Nations General Assembly 2015-2016; Retired and Chairman of Company Board, former Minister, Member and Speaker of Parliament;
Mohit, PhD Research Scholar, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India;
Mridul Eapen, Honorary Fellow, Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum;
Mrityunjoy Mohanty, Professor, Indian Institute of Management Calcutta;
Muhammad Nur Amal Bin Mohamad Matahab, Assistant Director, Prime Minister’s Department of Malaysia;
Muhammed Abdul Khalid, Research Fellow, National University of Malaysia;
Muhammed Muqtada, Former Director, Policy Planning, Employment Sector, ILO, Geneva;
Murat Özturk, Faculty Member, Kırklareli University;
Narasimha Reddy Duvvuru, Professor of Economics (Rtd), University of Hyderabad;
Nick Robins, Former Co-Director UNEP Inquiry into a Sustainable Financial System Professor in Practice – Sustainable Finance, Grantham Research institute, London School of Economics;
Nicos Trimikliniotis, Professor, University of Nicosia;
Olivier De Schutter, Former UN Special Rapporteur on the right to food;
Oluwasola Omoju, Economist/Research Fellow, National institute for Legislative and Democratic Studies;
Omar S Dahi, Professor of Economics, Hampshire College;
Pablo Samaniego Ponce, Professor, Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Ecuador;
Parthapratim Pal, Professor, Indian institute of Management Calcutta;
Pasuk Phongpaichit, Emeritus Professor in Political Economy, Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University;
Patrick Opoku Asuming, Senior Lecturer, University of Ghana;
Paul Robert Gilbert, Senior Lecturer in International Development, University of Sussex;
Petar Stoyanov, President of Bulgaria 1997-2002;
Peter Jacobs, Strategic Lead Academic, Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC);
Philip Alston, Former UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights; John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University;
Prakash Loungani, Former Assistant Director at IMF; Program Director, Johns Hopkins University;
Prof Ritu Dewan, Director & Professor (R), Mumbai School of Economics & Public Policy;
Professor Imraan Valodia, Pro Vice-Chancellor and Director, Southern Centre for inequality Studies, University of The Witwatersrand;
Pulin B Nayak, Member, CDE, Centre for Development Economics, Delhi School of Economics;
Rahul Goswami, Adviser, Centre for Social Markets;
Raimonds Vejonis, President of Latvia (2015-2019);
Raja Junankar, Former Consultant to the IMF; Adjunct Professor at Unsw and emeritus professor at Western Sydney University, Unsw and Western Sydney University;
Raja Khalidi, Former Senior Economic Affairs, UNCTAD; Director General, Palestine Economic Policy Research institute (Mas);
Rajiv Jha, Associate Professor, Economics, Shri Ram College of Commerce, Delhi University;
Ravi Kanbur, Former World Bank Chief Economist for Africa; Professor, Cornell University;
Rexhep Meidani, President of Albania 1997-2002;
Richard Jolly, Former Assistance Secretary General of UN; Honorary Professor and Research Associate of the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex, University of Sussex;
Richard Lusimbo, Director General, Uganda Key Populations Consortium (UKPC);
Richard Wilkinson, Patron, The Equality Trust;
Rishvanth Reddy Mucheli, Guest Faculty, Christ (deemed to be University), India;
Robert Hunter Wade, World Bank economist in 1980 in Agricultural Research Unit and in Trade Policy Division; Professor of Global Political Economy, London School of Economics;
Robert Pollin, Distinguished University Professor of Economics, University of Massachusetts Amherst;
Rodrigo Lopez-Pablos, Volunteer, Dobro;
Rohit Azad, Faculty, Jun, Delhi, India;
Rohith Jyothish, Assistant Professor, O.P. Jindal Global University, India;
Rolph Van Der Hoeven, Former Director for Policy Coherence, ILO; Professor Emeritus, International institute of Social Studies;
Rosen Plevneliev, President of Bulgaria 2012-2017;
Rui Mate, Researcher, Center for Public Integrity;
Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, Former Director, Human Development Report Office, UNDP; Professor of International Affairs, The New School;
Samuele Bibi, Assistant Professor, Northumbria University;
Sandra Polaski, Former Deputy Director General, International Labor Organization; Senior Research Scholar, Boston University Global Economic Governance initiative;
Sandrine Dixson-Declève, President, The Club of Rome;
Sankar Varma, Research Scholar, Christ (Deemed To Be University);
Sarah Cliffe, Former UN ASG for civilian capacities, Former Special Representative for the World Bank’s World Development Report on Conflict, Security and Development; World Bank’s chief of mission for Timor Leste (1999 to 2002), World Bank Fragile and Conflict-Affected Countries Group from 2002-2007; Director of Strategy and Operations for the East Asia and Pacific Region from 2007-2009; Director, NYU Center on international Cooperation;
Sarah Cook, Former Director, UNRISD & UNICEF Innocenti Office of Research; Visiting Professor, Southern Centre for inequality Studies;
Sattwick Dey Biswas, Research Fellow, Institute of Public Policy, National Law School of India University;
Saul Escobar Toledo, Presidente De La Junta De Gobierno, instituto De Estudios Obreros “Rafael Galván” Ac;
Sergio Cesaratto, Professor of Economics, Dipartimento Di Economia E Statistica – Università Di Siena;
Servaas Storm, Senior Lecturer, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands;
Shipra Nigam, Fellow, Institute of Human Development;
Sunanda Sen, Retired Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi India;
Surajit Mazumdar, Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University;
Taitu Heron, Head/Senior Development Specialist, University of The West indies Open Campus;
Tamas Szentes, Emeritus Professor, Corvinus University, Budapest;
Tamás Szentes, Contracted regional coordinator of UNU research program on Global Crisis and Transformation, 1983-87 Academician and Professor Emeritus, Hungarian Academy of Science and Corvinus University of Budapest;
Teresa Ghilarducci, Professor, The New School;
Terry Ray Mckinley, Policy Specialist; Contributor to the Human Development Report and Director of the International Poverty Centre in Brazil Professorial Research Associate, SOAS;
Thomas Ferguson, Director of Research, institute for New Economic Thinking;
Thomas Piketty, Professor of economics,;
Thomas Pogge, Director, Global Justice Program, Yale, Yale University;
Thomas S. O’Connell, Former Senior Health Advisor, WHO and UNCIEF; CEO and Founder, Global Health Synergies LLC;
Till Kellerhoff, Program Director, The Club of Rome;
Tzipi Livni, Vice-Prime Minister of Israel, Minister of Foreign Affairs 2006-2009;
Utsa Patnaik, Professor Emeritus, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Retired Teacher Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi India;
Valdis Zatlers, President of Latvia 2007-2011;
Vamsi Vakulabharanam, Co-Director, Asian Political Economy Program, And Associate Professor of Economics, University of Massachusetts Amherst;
Venkatesh Athreya, Adjunct Professor, Asian College of Journalism, Chennai;
Vishnu N Ramani, Research Fellow, National institute of Public Finance and Policy, New Delhi;
Volkan Bozkir, 75th President of the UNGA;
Vuk Jeremić, 67th President of the UNGA; President, Center for international Relations and Sustainable Development;
Werner Raza, Director, Austrian Foundation for Development Research;
Yavuz Yasar, Professor, University of Denver;
Zahra Karimi Moughari, University Professor, University of Mazandaran;
Zlatko Lagumdzija, Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2001-2002, deputy Prime Minister 1993-1996, 2012-2015;
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Image: Illustration of global inequalities. Source: Matt Wuerker, Politico Magazine.
